Verse-by-verse study

Luke 3 · Notes

Provisional

Reading Guide
Main Text: Primary translation — readable but faithful to Greek structure. Notes: Essential Greek features immediately below each verse.

How the text is marked:
Words in italics — added for English grammar (not in the Greek text)
wind/spirit — a word the Greek leaves open to two meanings, both kept
"…" — direct speech of God or the holy wind/spirit

Notes are tagged by type — Critical · Lexical · Grammatical · Theological — each shown with its colour (see the legend at the top of the Notes view).

This chapter opens the public ministry. Luke 3 dates the appearance of Yochanan (John) by a sixfold synchronism of rulers (vv.1-2) — the most precise chronological frame in the Gospels — then narrates his wilderness proclamation of an immersion of repentance (vv.3-6), framed by a long quotation of Yesha'yahu (Isaiah) 40:3-5. His preaching to the crowds, tax-collectors, and soldiers (vv.7-14), his pointing ahead to a "stronger one" (vv.15-17), and his imprisonment by Herodes (Herod) (vv.18-20) follow. Yeshua (Jesus) is immersed and praying when the skies open, the wind/spirit descends, and a voice comes from heaven (vv.21-22). The chapter closes with the genealogy (vv.23-38), ascending from Yeshua to Adam to God — ~76 names. Note on speech-marking (Rule 30): Yochanan's preaching is human prophetic speech and is NOT marked as divine speech; only the voice from heaven at 3:22 (the Bat-Qol) is God's direct speech and is marked with ``. Proper names follow TT transliteration: Yochanan (not John), Yeshua (not Jesus), Yesha'yahu (not Isaiah), Herodes (not Herod).

CriticalLexicalGrammaticalTheological

Supplementary — patterns across the chapter

1

Now in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar, while Pontius Pilate was governing Yehudah (Judea), and Herodes (Herod) was tetrarch of the Galilee, and Philippos (Philip) his brother was tetrarch of the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis, and Lysanias was tetrarch of Abilene,

CRITICAL — THE SIXFOLD SYNCHRONISM (vv.1-2)
- Ἐν ἔτει δὲ πεντεκαιδεκάτῳ τῆς ἡγεμονίας Τιβερίου Καίσαρος (En etei de pentekaidekatō tēs hēgemonias Tiberiou Kaisaros) = "Now in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar." Luke dates the ministry by a sixfold list of rulers (one emperor, one prefect, three tetrarchs, the high priesthood) — the most elaborate chronological frame in the Gospels, modeled on the dating formulae of the HB prophets (cf. Jer 1:1-3, Isa 6:1, Hag 1:1). It anchors the gospel in datable world history. → For the chronology and the disputed reckoning of the "fifteenth year," see Companion §A1.
TT TRANSLITERATIONS — FIRST OCCURRENCES
- Ἡρῴδης (Hērōdēs) = Herodes. Familiar: Herod. Here Herod Antipas, tetrarch of the Galilee (son of Herod the Great).
Φίλιππος (Philippos) = Philippos. Familiar: Philip. Herod Philip, tetrarch of Ituraea and Trachonitis.
• Tiberius Caesar, Pontius Pilate, and Lysanias are rendered in their familiar Latin/Greek forms (no Hebrew underlay).
"GOVERNING" / "TETRARCH" — *HĒGEMONEUONTOS / TETRAARCHOUNTOS

ἡγεμονεύοντος Ποντίου Πιλάτου (
hēgemoneuontos Pontiou Pilatou) = "while Pontius Pilate was governing." Hēgemōn = "governor/leader" (Pilate was prefect of Judea, 26-36 CE). τετρααρχοῦντος (tetraarchountos*) = "being tetrarch" (lit. "ruler of a fourth"), the title of a minor client ruler under Rome.
2

in the high priesthood of Chanan (Annas) and Qayafa (Caiaphas), the word of God came upon Yochanan (John) the son of Zecharyah (Zechariah) in the wilderness.

CRITICAL — "THE WORD OF GOD CAME UPON JOHN" — PROPHETIC-CALL FORMULA
- ἐγένετο ῥῆμα θεοῦ ἐπὶ Ἰωάννην (egeneto rhēma theou epi Iōannēn) = "the word of God came upon John." This is the Septuagintal prophetic-commission idiom (cf. Jer 1:1-2; Hos 1:1; Joel 1:1 LXX, "the word of YHWH that came to…"). ῥῆμα (rhēma) = "word, utterance, matter" (Semitic davar). Important (Rule 30): this is narrated commissioning, not God's quoted direct speech; John's subsequent preaching (vv.7-17) is human prophetic speech and is therefore NOT marked with the divine-speech markers. → For the prophetic-call formula and John as prophet, see Companion §A1.
TT TRANSLITERATIONS
- Ἅννας (Hannas) = Chanan (Hebrew: Chanan/Chananyah, "YHWH has shown favor"). Familiar: Annas.
Καϊάφας (Kaiaphas) = Qayafa (Aramaic). Familiar: Caiaphas. Annas was deposed high priest; Caiaphas the serving one — Luke names both, reflecting Annas's continuing influence.
Ἰωάννης (Iōannēs) = Yochanan (Hebrew: Yochanan, "YHWH is gracious"). Familiar: John. Son of the priest Zecharyah of Luke 1.
3

And he went into all the region around the Yarden (Jordan), proclaiming an immersion of repentance for the release of sins,

"IMMERSION OF REPENTANCE FOR THE RELEASE OF SINS" — *BAPTISMA METANOIAS

βάπτισμα μετανοίας εἰς ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν (
baptisma metanoias eis aphesin hamartiōn) = "an immersion of repentance for the release of sins." βάπτισμα (baptisma) = "dipping, immersion, washing" — the TT renders "immersion" (per locked glossary), keeping the physical act rather than the loanword "baptism." μετάνοια (metanoia) = "change of mind, turning, repentance." ἄφεσις (aphesis*) = "release, letting-go, forgiveness" (cf. 1:77). The phrase echoes the Benedictus (1:77).
YARDEN — TT TRANSLITERATION
- Ἰορδάνης (Iordanēs) = Yarden (Hebrew: Yarden, "the descender"). Familiar: Jordan. The river's region (perichōros) is the setting of John's whole ministry.
4

as it is written in the book of the words of Yesha'yahu (Isaiah) the prophet: "A voice of one crying in the wilderness: 'Prepare the way of the Lord, make his paths straight.

CRITICAL — ISAIAH 40:3-5 QUOTATION (vv.4-6)
- φωνὴ βοῶντος ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ (phōnē boōntos en tē erēmō) = "a voice of one crying in the wilderness." The quotation is Isaiah 40:3-5 LXX. The Hebrew accents read "a voice crying: 'In the wilderness prepare…'"; the LXX (which Luke follows) attaches "in the wilderness" to the voice. The TT follows the Greek word-order Luke uses. Per Option C, kyriou in the quotation renders YHWH (the original Isaiah text reads "the way of YHWH"). Referent of kyrios: YHWH (Probable); the Gospel fuses the preparation toward Yeshua. → For the Isaiah 40 quotation and its return-from-exile setting, see Companion §A6 and the PROPHECY companion.
YESHA'YAHU — TT TRANSLITERATION
- Ἠσαΐας (Ēsaias) = Yesha'yahu (Hebrew: Yesha'yahu, "YHWH is salvation"). Familiar: Isaiah.
5

Every ravine will be filled and every mountain and hill will be made low, and the crooked places will become straight and the rough ways into smooth roads;

"RAVINE… MOUNTAIN… CROOKED… ROUGH" — LEVELLING IMAGERY
- πᾶσα φάραγξ πληρωθήσεται (pasa pharanx plērōthēsetai) = "every ravine will be filled." The road-building imagery (filling valleys, lowering hills) pictures preparing a highway for a royal procession — the return of YHWH leading the exiles home (Isa 40). The TT adds places and ways in italics for the substantival adjectives ("the crooked things," "the rough things").
6

and all flesh will see the salvation of God.'"

CRITICAL — "ALL FLESH WILL SEE THE SALVATION OF GOD" — LUKE'S EXTENSION
- ὄψεται πᾶσα σὰρξ τὸ σωτήριον τοῦ θεοῦ (opsetai pasa sarx to sōtērion tou theou) = "all flesh will see the salvation of God." Luke extends the Isaiah quotation to 40:5 — further than Matthew (3:3) or Mark (1:3), which stop at 40:3. The universal horizon ("all flesh," πᾶσα σάρξ, Semitic kol basar) suits Luke's reach beyond Israel and anticipates the genealogy's ascent to Adam (v.38). σωτήριον (sōtērion) = "the saving / means of salvation" (neuter), cognate with sōtēria in the canticles (1:69, 71, 77; cf. 2:30). → For Luke's universalizing redaction of the Isaiah citation, see Companion §A6.
7

So he was saying to the crowds going out to be immersed by him, "Offspring of vipers, who warned you to flee from the coming wrath?

"OFFSPRING OF VIPERS" — *GENNĒMATA ECHIDNŌN

γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν (
gennēmata echidnōn) = "offspring/brood of vipers." A prophetic invective (cf. the serpent imagery of judgment). John addresses the crowds generally (Luke), where Matthew 3:7 directs it at Pharisees and Sadducees. Rule 30: this is John's human prophetic speech — not divine-marked. "The coming wrath" (tēs mellousēs orgēs*) = the eschatological judgment.
8

Therefore bear fruits worthy of repentance, and do not begin to say among yourselves, 'We have Avraham (Abraham) as father.' For I say to you that God is able from these stones to raise up children to Abraham.

CRITICAL — DESCENT FROM AVRAHAM (ABRAHAM) RELATIVIZED
- μὴ ἄρξησθε λέγειν ἐν ἑαυτοῖς· πατέρα ἔχομεν τὸν Ἀβραάμ (mē arxēsthe legein en heautois: patera echomen ton Abraam) = "do not begin to say among yourselves, 'We have Abraham as father.'" John denies that physical descent from Avraham secures standing — "God is able from these stones (lithōn) to raise up children to Abraham." There may be a wordplay in the Aramaic substrate between "stones" (avnayya) and "children/sons" (benayya). The TT keeps the literal "stones." → For the Abrahamic-descent polemic and the possible banim/avanim wordplay, see Companion §A3.
AVRAHAM — TT TRANSLITERATION
- Ἀβραάμ (Abraam) = Avraham (Hebrew: Avraham, "father of a multitude," Gen 17:5). Familiar: Abraham.
9

And already the axe is laid at the root of the trees; therefore every tree not producing good fruit is cut down and thrown into the fire."

"THE AXE AT THE ROOT" — *HĒ AXINĒ PROS TĒN RHIZAN

ἤδη δὲ καὶ ἡ ἀξίνη πρὸς τὴν ῥίζαν τῶν δένδρων κεῖται (
ēdē de kai hē axinē pros tēn rhizan tōn dendrōn keitai) = "already the axe is laid at the root of the trees." The present "is laid/lies" (keitai) conveys imminence — judgment is poised, not merely future. The fruit-tree-and-fire imagery is prophetic judgment language (cf. Isa 10:33-34; Jer 11:16). The TT adds the before "fire" in italics (anarthrous pyr*).
10

And the crowds were asking him, saying, "What then should we do?"

"WHAT SHOULD WE DO?" — *TI POIĒSŌMEN

τί οὖν ποιήσωμεν (
ti oun poiēsōmen*) = "what then should we do?" The deliberative subjunctive recurs three times (vv.10, 12, 14), structuring John's ethical instruction by group. The question reappears at Pentecost (Acts 2:37) — a Lukan linking motif.
11

And answering he said to them, "Let the one having two tunics share with the one having none, and let the one having food do likewise."

"TWO TUNICS… SHARE" — CONCRETE REPENTANCE
- ὁ ἔχων δύο χιτῶνας μεταδότω (ho echōn dyo chitōnas metadotō) = "let the one having two tunics share." Chitōn = the inner garment/tunic. John's repentance is not ritual but social: redistribution to those in need. The instruction to crowds, tax-collectors (v.13), and soldiers (v.14) is distinctive to Luke and fits his emphasis on wealth and the poor.
12

And tax-collectors also came to be immersed, and they said to him, "Teacher, what should we do?"

"TAX-COLLECTORS" — *TELŌNAI

τελῶναι (
telōnai*) = "tax/toll-collectors." Contractors who collected tolls for Rome, despised as collaborators and often extortionate. Their coming to John, and his accepting them, anticipates Luke's recurring concern with tax-collectors (5:27-32; 19:1-10).
13

And he said to them, "Collect nothing more than what has been appointed to you."

"NOTHING MORE THAN APPOINTED" — *MĒDEN PLEON

μηδὲν πλέον παρὰ τὸ διατεταγμένον ὑμῖν πράσσετε (
mēden pleon para to diatetagmenon hymin prassete) = "exact nothing more than what has been appointed to you." John does not demand they abandon the profession, only that they cease the extortion (prassō* = "exact/collect") built into it. The reform is ethical, within the role.
14

And soldiers also were asking him, saying, "And we, what should we do?" And he said to them, "Extort no one and accuse no one falsely, and be content with your wages."

"EXTORT NO ONE… BE CONTENT WITH WAGES" — *DIASEISĒTE… OPSŌNIOIS

μηδένα διασείσητε μηδὲ συκοφαντήσητε (
mēdena diaseisēte mēde sykophantēsēte) = "extort/intimidate no one and accuse no one falsely." Diaseiō (lit. "shake violently") = extort by intimidation; sykophanteō = bring false charges for gain (English "sycophant"). ὀψωνίοις (opsōniois) = "wages, soldier's pay/rations." Likely auxiliary troops in Herod's or the prefect's service. The TT adds no one* in italics for the second verb's object.
15

And while the people were in expectation and all were reasoning in their hearts about Yochanan (John), whether perhaps he might be the anointed one,

CRITICAL — "WHETHER HE MIGHT BE THE ANOINTED ONE" — *HO CHRISTOS

μήποτε αὐτὸς εἴη ὁ χριστός (
mēpote autos eiē ho christos) = "whether perhaps he might be the anointed one." χριστός (christos) = "anointed one" (per locked glossary, lowercase as title/descriptor; maps to HB mashiach). The optative eiē* conveys their tentative wondering. John's denial (v.16) redirects the expectation to the "stronger one." → For messianic expectation in the period and John's self-effacement, see Companion §A3.
16

John answered, saying to all, "I indeed immerse you in water; but the one stronger than I is coming, of whom I am not worthy to loosen the strap of his sandals; he will immerse you in the holy wind/spirit and fire.

CRITICAL — "THE STRONGER ONE… WIND/SPIRIT AND FIRE"
- ὁ ἰσχυρότερός μου (ho ischyroteros mou) = "the one stronger than I." John contrasts his water-immersion with the coming one's immersion ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ καὶ πυρί (en pneumati hagiō kai pyri) = "in the holy wind/spirit and fire." Pneuma = wind/spirit (slash per locked glossary; anarthrous, the added in italics). "Fire" may be purgative, judgmental, or both (cf. the chaff burned in v.17). The TT preserves the unresolved pairing. "Loosen the strap of the sandals" = the task of the lowest slave — radical self-subordination. → For the wind/spirit-and-fire immersion, see Companion §D1. [lexical-theological — PROBABLE]
"HOLY WIND/SPIRIT" — *PNEUMA HAGION

πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (
pneumati hagiō) = "holy wind/spirit." Anarthrous; slash per locked glossary, avoiding the imported title "the Holy Spirit." The TT adds the* in italics.
17

His winnowing-fork is in his hand to clear out his threshing floor and to gather the wheat into his storehouse, but the chaff he will burn up with unquenchable fire."

"WINNOWING-FORK… UNQUENCHABLE FIRE" — *PTYON… PYRI ASBESTŌ

οὗ τὸ πτύον ἐν τῇ χειρὶ αὐτοῦ (
hou to ptyon en tē cheiri autou) = "whose winnowing-fork is in his hand." Ptyon = the fork used to toss threshed grain so wind separates wheat from chaff — a judgment image (cf. Mal 3:19 LXX; Ps 1:4). πυρὶ ἀσβέστῳ (pyri asbestō) = "unquenchable fire" (asbestos = "not extinguished"). The TT adds is* in italics (no copula).
18

So with many other exhortations also he proclaimed good news to the people.

"PROCLAIMED GOOD NEWS" — *EUĒNGELIZETO

πολλὰ μὲν οὖν καὶ ἕτερα παρακαλῶν εὐηγγελίζετο τὸν λαόν (
polla men oun kai hetera parakalōn euēngelizeto ton laon) = "with many other exhortations also he proclaimed good news to the people." Luke summarizes John's preaching — including the stern warnings — as euangelizomai* ("announce good news"). The verb (cf. 1:19) frames repentance-preaching itself as good news.
19

But Herodes (Herod) the tetrarch, being reproved by him concerning Herodias the wife of his brother and concerning all the evils that Herod had done,

"REPROVED CONCERNING HERODIAS" — *ELENCHOMENOS

ἐλεγχόμενος ὑπ' αὐτοῦ περὶ Ἡρῳδιάδος (
elenchomenos hyp' autou peri Hērōdiados*) = "being reproved by him concerning Herodias." Herod Antipas had taken Herodias, his brother's wife. Luke places John's imprisonment here, before the baptism account, as a narrative wrap-up of the Baptist's role — the actual execution is told later (9:9 alludes back). The TT keeps the prolepsis as Luke arranges it.
20

added this also to them all: he shut up John in prison.

"SHUT UP JOHN IN PRISON" — *KATEKLEISEN

κατέκλεισεν τὸν Ἰωάννην ἐν φυλακῇ (
katekleisen ton Iōannēn en phylakē) = "he shut up John in prison." The verb katakleiō = "shut up, confine." Luke removes John from the scene before narrating the baptism, so that the spotlight falls on Yeshua. The TT adds them* in italics for the elliptical "to all" (his other evils).
21

And it happened, when all the people were immersed, that Yeshua (Jesus) also having been immersed and praying, the sky was opened,

CRITICAL — THE BAPTISM: JOHN NOT NAMED AS BAPTIZER
- ἐγένετο δὲ… καὶ Ἰησοῦ βαπτισθέντος καὶ προσευχομένου ἀνεῳχθῆναι τὸν οὐρανόν (egeneto de… kai Iēsou baptisthentos kai proseuchomenou aneōchthēnai ton ouranon) = "and it happened… that Jesus also having been immersed and praying, the sky was opened." Luke, having already imprisoned John (vv.19-20), does not name John as the baptizer; the immersion is reported as a completed participle, and the emphasis falls on Yeshua praying (a Lukan motif at key moments) and the opening of the sky. Rule 30: what follows in v.22 (the voice) is God's direct speech and IS divine-marked. οὐρανός (ouranos) = "sky/heaven." The TT keeps the egeneto + infinitive Septuagintism.
YESHUA — TT TRANSLITERATION
- Ἰησοῦς (Iēsous) = Yeshua (Hebrew: Yeshua, "YHWH saves"). Familiar: Jesus.
22

and the holy wind/spirit descended in bodily form like a dove upon him, and a voice came from heaven: "You are my son, the beloved; in you I am well pleased."

CRITICAL — THE VOICE FROM HEAVEN (BAT-QOL) — DIVINE SPEECH (RULE 30)
- φωνὴν ἐξ οὐρανοῦ γενέσθαι· σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός, ἐν σοὶ εὐδόκησα (phōnēn ex ouranou genesthai: sy ei ho huios mou ho agapētos, en soi eudokēsa) = "a voice came from heaven: 'You are my son, the beloved; in you I am well pleased.'" This is God's direct speech — the Bat-Qol ("daughter of a voice," the rabbinic term for the heavenly voice) — and is therefore marked with per Rule 30 (cf. Mark 1:11; Matt 3:17, which has the third-person "This is…"). The words fuse Psalm 2:7 (royal sonship: "you are my son") with Isaiah 42:1 (the chosen servant in whom God delights: "my chosen, in whom my soul delights"). εὐδόκησα (eudokēsa) = "I took pleasure / was well pleased" (aorist). → For Ps 2:7 / Isa 42:1 fusion and the Bat-Qol, see the PROPHECY companion. [theological — PROBABLE]
CRITICAL — WESTERN VARIANT: PSALM 2:7 IN FULL
- A notable Western reading (Codex Bezae, D, and some Old Latin/patristic witnesses) has the voice quote Psalm 2:7 in full: "You are my son; today I have begotten you" (huios mou ei sy, egō sēmeron gegennēka se). NA28 reads "in you I am well pleased" (with Mark/Matthew). The TT follows NA28 and flags the variant for Hellenist review (Rule 13). [text-critical — POSSIBLE]
"HOLY WIND/SPIRIT… LIKE A DOVE" — *SŌMATIKŌ EIDEI

τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον σωματικῷ εἴδει ὡς περιστερὰν (
to pneuma to hagion sōmatikō eidei hōs peristeran) = "the holy wind/spirit in bodily form like a dove." Only Luke adds σωματικῷ εἴδει ("in bodily form"), heightening the visibility of the descent. Pneuma* = wind/spirit (slash per locked glossary). The simile "like a dove" qualifies the manner of descent, not necessarily the form.
23

And Yeshua (Jesus) himself was beginning to be about thirty years old, being a son — as was supposed — of Yosef (Joseph), of Eli,

CRITICAL — "AS WAS SUPPOSED" — *HŌS ENOMIZETO* (CRUX)
- ὢν υἱός, ὡς ἐνομίζετο, Ἰωσὴφ (ōn huios, hōs enomizeto, Iōsēph) = "being a son — as was supposed — of Joseph." The parenthetical ὡς ἐνομίζετο (hōs enomizeto, "as was supposed/reckoned") qualifies Joseph's paternity: Jesus was legally reckoned Joseph's son, the narrator hedging the biological claim (cf. 1:34-35). The phrase's exact syntactic scope — and whether the genealogy that follows is Joseph's or (on one ancient and modern proposal) Mary's via Eli — is disputed. The TT preserves the hedge "as was supposed" without resolving the line's owner. → For hōs enomizeto and the Joseph/Mary-line question, see Companion §A4 and `luke/PEOPLE.md`. [grammatical-historical — POSSIBLE]
"ABOUT THIRTY YEARS" — *HŌSEI ETŌN TRIAKONTA

ἀρχόμενος ὡσεὶ ἐτῶν τριάκοντα (
archomenos hōsei etōn triakonta) = "beginning, being about thirty years old." Hōsei ("about") makes the age approximate. "Thirty" may echo the age of priestly/Levitical service (Num 4:3) and of David (2 Sam 5:4). The construction is awkward; the TT adds to be and old* in italics. The genealogy that follows ascends (son of… son of…) rather than descends.
24

of Mattat, of Levi, of Melchi, of Yannai, of Yosef,

THE ASCENDING GENEALOGY (vv.23-38) — STRUCTURE AND DIVERGENCE FROM MATTHEW
- The genealogy ascends — "son of X, of Y, of Z…" — each verse a cluster of names, running back from Yeshua through David (v.31), Avraham (v.34), Noach (v.36), to Adam and God (v.38). This is the reverse of Matthew's descending list (Matt 1:1-17, Abraham → Yeshua) and diverges sharply from it, most notably at the generation immediately above Joseph (Luke: "of Eli"; Matthew: "Jacob fathered Joseph") and across the whole post-Davidic line — a long-standing crux. Proposed harmonizations (Luke gives Mary's line; levirate marriage; legal vs. biological descent) are all contested. The TT renders Luke's list as the Greek gives it and flags the divergence for Hellenist review (Rule 13). The full genealogy table, generation count, and cross-book see-stubs (to `genesis` for Adam → the patriarchs, and to `matthew` for the David line) live in `luke/PEOPLE.md` per the v3.3.2 cross-book convention. [historical — POSSIBLE]
GENEALOGY NAME-RENDERING POLICY
- Names with a familiar English form receive the "Transliterated (Familiar)" gloss at first occurrence in the genealogy (e.g. David, Avraham (Abraham), Noach (Noah), Adam). Names without a distinct familiar form are given in transliteration only (e.g. Mattat, Yannai, Neri). The Greek's repeated τοῦ (tou, genitive "of") is rendered "of" throughout; the implied "son" is not repeated each time.
25

of Mattityahu, of Amos, of Nachum, of Chesli, of Naggai,

NON-BIBLICAL NAMES
- As in the post-exilic portion of Matthew's list, several names here (Chesli, Naggai) are not independently attested in the HB. The source of Luke's pre-Davidic-to-Joseph names is unknown — likely family records or tradition. Ἀμώς (Amōs) here is a personal name in the list, not the prophet Amos.
26

of Mahat, of Mattityahu, of Shim'i, of Yosef, of Yodah,

REPEATED NAMES
- Several names recur in the list (Mattityahu, Yosef), reflecting common Second Temple Jewish naming. The TT keeps each occurrence in transliteration; Mattityahu (Hebrew, "gift of YHWH") is the Greek Mattathias.
27

of Yochanan, of Reisha, of Zerubbavel, of She'altiel, of Neri,

ZERUBBAVEL AND SHE'ALTIEL — OVERLAP WITH MATTHEW
- Ζοροβαβέλ… Σαλαθιήλ (Zorobabel… Salathiēl) = Zerubbavel, of She'altiel. This father-son pair also appears in Matthew 1:12 (and Ezra/Haggai), one of the few points of contact between the two genealogies in the post-exilic stretch — yet the names around them differ (Luke: "of Neri"; Matthew: "Yekhonyah fathered She'altiel"). The overlap-with-divergence sharpens the crux noted at v.24. → see `luke/PEOPLE.md`.
28

of Melchi, of Addi, of Qosam, of Elmadam, of Er,

CONTINUATION
- The names continue the stretch between Zerubbavel and Natan/David. None of Melchi, Addi, Qosam, Elmadam, Er is independently attested for this period.
29

of Yeshua, of Eli'ezer, of Yorim, of Mattat, of Levi,

"OF YESHUA" — HOMONYM IN THE LIST
- Ἰησοῦ (Iēsou) here is an ancestor named Yeshua/Yehoshua (a common name), not the subject of the genealogy. The TT keeps the transliteration to make the homonymy visible.
30

of Shim'on, of Yehudah (Judah), of Yosef, of Yonam, of Elyaqim,

CONTINUATION
- Ἰούδα (Iouda) here = Yehudah (Judah) as a personal name in the list, distinct from the patriarch Judah reached at v.33. The TT gives the familiar gloss once (Judah).
31

of Mal'ah, of Mena, of Mattata, of Natan, of David,

CRITICAL — THE DAVIDIC LINE VIA NATAN, NOT SHELOMOH (SOLOMON)
- τοῦ Ναθὰμ τοῦ Δαυίδ (tou Natham tou Dauid) = "of Natan, of David." Luke's line runs through David's son Natan (2 Sam 5:14; Zech 12:12), whereas Matthew's runs through Shelomoh (Solomon) (Matt 1:6). This is the structural root of the two genealogies' divergence after David. The TT renders Luke's Natan-line as given and flags the Natan/Solomon split for review. → see the PROPHECY companion and `luke/PEOPLE.md`. [historical — POSSIBLE]
32

of Yishai, of Oved, of Bo'az, of Salah, of Nachshon,

THE RUTH-BOOK LINE — CONVERGENCE WITH MATTHEW
- Ἰεσσαὶ… Ἰωβὴδ… Βόος… Σαλά… Ναασσών (Iessai… Iōbēd… Boos… Sala… Naassōn) = Yishai, Oved, Bo'az, Salah, Nachshon. From David back to Nachshon the line matches Ruth 4:18-22 and Matthew 1:3-6 (the two genealogies converge here, between David and Abraham). Yishai = Jesse; Oved = Obed; Bo'az = Boaz (the husband of Rut). The TT keeps transliterations.
33

of Amminadav, of Admin, of Arni, of Chetsron, of Perets, of Yehudah (Judah),

"OF ADMIN, OF ARNI" — TEXTUAL UNCERTAINTY
- The names between Amminadav and Chetsron are textually unstable: NA28 reads Ἀδμίν… Ἀρνί (Admin… Arni), where other witnesses read "Aram" (= Matthew 1:3-4; Ruth 4:19). The TT follows NA28's Admin/Arni and notes the variant. Ἰούδα (Iouda) here reaches the patriarch Yehudah (Judah), son of Ya'aqov.
34

of Ya'aqov (Jacob), of Yitzchak (Isaac), of Avraham (Abraham), of Terach, of Nachor,

CRITICAL — THE PATRIARCHS AND BEYOND ABRAHAM
- Ἰακὼβ… Ἰσαὰκ… Ἀβραάμ (Iakōb… Isaak… Abraam) = Ya'aqov, Yitzchak, Avraham — the patriarchs (cf. Gen 21, 25). Where Matthew stops at Abraham (the covenant root of Israel), Luke continues past Abraham through Terach and Nachor (Gen 11:24-26) — the decisive structural difference: Luke universalizes the lineage beyond Israel toward all humanity (v.38). The TT gives the familiar glosses (Jacob, Isaac, Abraham) at first occurrence here. → For the Abraham-and-beyond ascent and its universal theology, see Companion §A4.
TT TRANSLITERATIONS
- Ἰακώβ = Ya'aqov (Hebrew: Ya'aqov, "heel-grabber"). Familiar: Jacob.
Ἰσαάκ = Yitzchak (Hebrew: Yitzchak, "he laughs"). Familiar: Isaac.
• Terach and Nachor (Gen 11) have no distinct familiar English form; transliteration only.
35

of Serug, of Re'u, of Peleg, of Ever, of Shelach,

THE LINE OF SHEM (GEN 11:10-26)
- Σεροὺχ… Ῥαγαὺ… Φάλεκ… Ἕβερ… Σαλά (Serouch… Rhagau… Phalek… Eber… Sala) = Serug, Re'u, Peleg, Ever, Shelach. This stretch follows the table of Shem's descendants in Gen 11:10-26 (LXX spellings). Ἕβερ (Ever) is the eponymous ancestor associated with "Hebrew" ('ivri). The TT keeps transliterations.
36

of Qenan, of Arpakhshad, of Shem, of Noach (Noah), of Lemekh,

"OF QENAN" — EXTRA NAME FROM THE LXX
- τοῦ Καϊνὰμ τοῦ Ἀρφαξὰδ (tou Kainam tou Arphaxad) = "of Qenan, of Arpakhshad." Luke's list includes a second Qenan (Kainam) between Arpakhshad and Shelach — present in the LXX of Gen 11:12-13 but absent from the Hebrew Masoretic text. The TT follows Luke's LXX-based text and notes the divergence from the Hebrew. → see `luke/PEOPLE.md`.
SHEM AND NOACH — TT TRANSLITERATIONS
- Σήμ = Shem (Hebrew: Shem, "name"). No distinct familiar form. Νῶε = Noach (Hebrew: Noach, "rest"). Familiar: Noah (Gen 5:29). Lemekh = Lamech, Noach's father.
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of Metushelach, of Chanokh (Enoch), of Yered, of Mahalal'el, of Qenan,

THE ANTEDILUVIAN LINE (GEN 5)
- Μαθουσαλά… Ἑνὼχ… Ἰάρετ… Μαλελεὴλ… Καϊνάν (Mathousala… Henōch… Iaret… Maleleēl… Kainan) = Metushelach, Chanokh, Yered, Mahalal'el, Qenan. This is the pre-flood line of Genesis 5. Chanokh (Enoch) "walked with God, and was not, for God took him" (Gen 5:24) — a figure of large Second Temple interest. The TT gives the familiar gloss for Enoch; Metushelach = Methuselah, Mahalal'el = Mahalalel.
38

of Enosh, of Shet, of Adam, of God.

CRITICAL — "OF ADAM, OF GOD" — THE CLIMAX OF THE ASCENT
- τοῦ Ἐνὼς τοῦ Σὴθ τοῦ Ἀδὰμ τοῦ θεοῦ (tou Enōs tou Sēth tou Adam tou theou) = "of Enosh, of Shet, of Adam, of God." The genealogy ends not with a human ancestor but with τοῦ θεοῦ ("of God"): Adam is "son of God" by creation (Gen 1:27; 5:1). The same genitive construction (tou theou) that has chained the whole list now binds Adam to God — framing Yeshua's sonship (v.22, "you are my son") against the backdrop of Adam's. The universal reach (back past Abraham to the first human and to God) answers the universal horizon of v.6 ("all flesh"). The TT keeps the bare "of God," matching the unbroken genitive chain. → For the Adam-sonship climax and its theology, see Companion §A4 and §D2. [theological — PROBABLE]
SHET AND ADAM — TT TRANSLITERATIONS
- Σήθ = Shet (Hebrew: Shet, "appointed/granted," Gen 4:25). Familiar: Seth. Ἀδάμ = Adam (Hebrew: Adam, "human/earth-creature," from adamah, "ground"). Familiar form identical: Adam (no redundant gloss). Enosh (Hebrew: Enosh, "man/mortal," Gen 4:26).

Glossary

ῥῆμα θεοῦ (*rhēma theou*)word of GodProphetic-call formula (v.2); narrated commissioning, not di
βάπτισμα (*baptisma*)immersion"Dipping, washing" (vv.3, 16); rendered "immersion," not the
μετάνοια (*metanoia*)repentance / change of mind"Turning"; the substance of John's preaching (v.3, 8).
ἄφεσις (*aphesis*)release / forgiveness"Release of sins" (v.3); root sense kept (cf. 1:77).
κύριος (*kyrios*)Lord / lord / masterIn the Isaiah 40 quotation (v.4) renders YHWH (Option C, cap
χριστός (*christos*)anointed oneLowercase as title (v.15); maps to HB mashiach.
πνεῦμα ἅγιον (*pneuma hagion*)holy wind/spiritAnarthrous; slash per Rule 2 (vv.16, 22). Avoids the title "
πῦρ (*pyr*)firePurgative/judgmental, unresolved (vv.16-17).
πτύον (*ptyon*)winnowing-forkThe threshing-floor judgment image (v.17).
εὐαγγελίζομαι (*euangelizomai*)proclaim good newsFrames even John's stern preaching as good news (v.18).
σωτήριον (*sōtērion*)salvation / saving"All flesh will see the salvation of God" (v.6); cf. sōtēria
εὐδοκέω (*eudokeō*)be well pleased / take pleasureThe voice from heaven, eudokēsa (v.22); echoes Isa 42:1.
ὡς ἐνομίζετο (*hōs enomizeto*)as was supposedHedges Joseph's paternity (v.23); crux for the genealogy's o
τοῦ (*tou*)ofGenitive "of" chaining the ascending genealogy (vv.23-38); i

Supplementary — patterns across the chapter

CROSS-CHAPTER TRACKING (HB -> Luke)
Isa 40:3-5 -> Luke 3:4-6 — "a voice in the wilderness":

ElementIsaiah 40:3-5 (LXX)Luke 3:4-6
The voice"A voice of one crying in the wilderness: prepare the way of YHWH" (40:3)"A voice of one crying in the wilderness: prepare the way of the Lord" (3:4)
Levelling"every valley filled, every mountain and hill made low" (40:4)"every ravine filled… mountain and hill made low" (3:5)
Universal end"all flesh will see the salvation of God" (40:5)"all flesh will see the salvation of God" (3:6)


Luke quotes Isaiah 40 further than Matthew or Mark, reaching v.5's "all flesh will see the salvation of God" — the universal horizon that the genealogy's ascent to Adam (3:38) and "of God" mirror.

Jer 1:1-2 / Hos 1:1 -> Luke 3:2 — the prophetic-call formula:

ElementJeremiah / Hosea (LXX)Luke 3:2
Dating"in the days of… king of Judah" (Jer 1:2-3)"in the fifteenth year of Tiberius…" (3:1)
Word-event"the word of YHWH that came to Jeremiah" (Jer 1:2)"the word of God came upon John" (3:2)
Recipientthe prophet, son of a priest (Jer 1:1)John, son of the priest Zecharyah (3:2)


John is cast in the mould of the called prophets — the word-event idiom and the priestly-son detail mark his commission; his preaching is human prophecy (not divine-marked, Rule 30).

Ps 2:7 / Isa 42:1 -> Luke 3:22 — the voice from heaven (Bat-Qol):

ElementPsalm 2:7 / Isaiah 42:1Luke 3:22
Sonship"You are my son" (Ps 2:7)"You are my son, the beloved"
Delight"my chosen, in whom my soul delights" (Isa 42:1)"in you I am well pleased"
Wind/spirit"I have put my wind/spirit upon him" (Isa 42:1)the wind/spirit descends upon him (3:22)


The heavenly voice — God's direct speech, divine-marked — fuses the royal sonship of Ps 2 with the chosen servant of Isa 42. A Western variant (Codex Bezae) quotes Ps 2:7 in full ("today I have begotten you"); NA28 reads with Mark/Matthew.

Gen 5 / Gen 11 / Ruth 4 -> Luke 3:31-38 — the ascending genealogy:

ElementGenesis / RuthLuke 3:31-38
David's lineDavid → Solomon (1 Chr 3)David → Natan (3:31), diverging from Matthew's Solomon
PatriarchsAbraham → Isaac → Jacob (Gen 21-25)reached at 3:34, then continued past Abraham
Shem's lineShem → Arpakhshad → … Ever (Gen 11:10-26)3:35-36, including the LXX-only "Qenan"
First humanAdam, made in God's image (Gen 1:27; 5:1)"of Adam, of God" (3:38) — the climax


Where Matthew descends from Abraham (Israel's covenant root) through Solomon, Luke ascends past Abraham through Natan to Adam and to God — opening the lineage to all humanity. The post-Davidic divergence and the LXX-only Qenan are known cruxes, flagged for Hellenist review (Rule 13). The full table and cross-book see-stubs live in `luke/PEOPLE.md`.



END OF LUKE 3 — THE TRANSPARENT TRANSLATION (ENGLISH)

"A translation with nothing hidden."