Reading Guide
How the text is marked:
• Words in italics — added for English grammar (not in the Greek text)
• wind/spirit — a word the Greek leaves open to two meanings, both kept
• "…" — direct speech of God or the holy wind/spirit
Notes are tagged by type — Critical · Lexical · Grammatical · Theological — each shown with its colour (see the legend at the top of the Notes view).
This chapter opens the public ministry. Luke 3 dates the appearance of Yochanan (John) by a sixfold synchronism of rulers (vv.1-2) — the most precise chronological frame in the Gospels — then narrates his wilderness proclamation of an immersion of repentance (vv.3-6), framed by a long quotation of Yesha'yahu (Isaiah) 40:3-5. His preaching to the crowds, tax-collectors, and soldiers (vv.7-14), his pointing ahead to a "stronger one" (vv.15-17), and his imprisonment by Herodes (Herod) (vv.18-20) follow. Yeshua (Jesus) is immersed and praying when the skies open, the wind/spirit descends, and a voice comes from heaven (vv.21-22). The chapter closes with the genealogy (vv.23-38), ascending from Yeshua to Adam to God — ~76 names. Note on speech-marking (Rule 30): Yochanan's preaching is human prophetic speech and is NOT marked as divine speech; only the voice from heaven at 3:22 (the Bat-Qol) is God's direct speech and is marked with `…`. Proper names follow TT transliteration: Yochanan (not John), Yeshua (not Jesus), Yesha'yahu (not Isaiah), Herodes (not Herod).
Supplementary — patterns across the chapter
Now in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar, while Pontius Pilate was governing Yehudah (Judea), and Herodes (Herod) was tetrarch of the Galilee, and Philippos (Philip) his brother was tetrarch of the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis, and Lysanias was tetrarch of Abilene,
• Φίλιππος (Philippos) = Philippos. Familiar: Philip. Herod Philip, tetrarch of Ituraea and Trachonitis.
• Tiberius Caesar, Pontius Pilate, and Lysanias are rendered in their familiar Latin/Greek forms (no Hebrew underlay).
• ἡγεμονεύοντος Ποντίου Πιλάτου (hēgemoneuontos Pontiou Pilatou) = "while Pontius Pilate was governing." Hēgemōn = "governor/leader" (Pilate was prefect of Judea, 26-36 CE). τετρααρχοῦντος (tetraarchountos*) = "being tetrarch" (lit. "ruler of a fourth"), the title of a minor client ruler under Rome.
in the high priesthood of Chanan (Annas) and Qayafa (Caiaphas), the word of God came upon Yochanan (John) the son of Zecharyah (Zechariah) in the wilderness.
• Καϊάφας (Kaiaphas) = Qayafa (Aramaic). Familiar: Caiaphas. Annas was deposed high priest; Caiaphas the serving one — Luke names both, reflecting Annas's continuing influence.
• Ἰωάννης (Iōannēs) = Yochanan (Hebrew: Yochanan, "YHWH is gracious"). Familiar: John. Son of the priest Zecharyah of Luke 1.
And he went into all the region around the Yarden (Jordan), proclaiming an immersion of repentance for the release of sins,
• βάπτισμα μετανοίας εἰς ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν (baptisma metanoias eis aphesin hamartiōn) = "an immersion of repentance for the release of sins." βάπτισμα (baptisma) = "dipping, immersion, washing" — the TT renders "immersion" (per locked glossary), keeping the physical act rather than the loanword "baptism." μετάνοια (metanoia) = "change of mind, turning, repentance." ἄφεσις (aphesis*) = "release, letting-go, forgiveness" (cf. 1:77). The phrase echoes the Benedictus (1:77).
as it is written in the book of the words of Yesha'yahu (Isaiah) the prophet: "A voice of one crying in the wilderness: 'Prepare the way of the Lord, make his paths straight.
Every ravine will be filled and every mountain and hill will be made low, and the crooked places will become straight and the rough ways into smooth roads;
and all flesh will see the salvation of God.'"
So he was saying to the crowds going out to be immersed by him, "Offspring of vipers, who warned you to flee from the coming wrath?
• γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν (gennēmata echidnōn) = "offspring/brood of vipers." A prophetic invective (cf. the serpent imagery of judgment). John addresses the crowds generally (Luke), where Matthew 3:7 directs it at Pharisees and Sadducees. Rule 30: this is John's human prophetic speech — not divine-marked. "The coming wrath" (tēs mellousēs orgēs*) = the eschatological judgment.
Therefore bear fruits worthy of repentance, and do not begin to say among yourselves, 'We have Avraham (Abraham) as father.' For I say to you that God is able from these stones to raise up children to Abraham.
And already the axe is laid at the root of the trees; therefore every tree not producing good fruit is cut down and thrown into the fire."
• ἤδη δὲ καὶ ἡ ἀξίνη πρὸς τὴν ῥίζαν τῶν δένδρων κεῖται (ēdē de kai hē axinē pros tēn rhizan tōn dendrōn keitai) = "already the axe is laid at the root of the trees." The present "is laid/lies" (keitai) conveys imminence — judgment is poised, not merely future. The fruit-tree-and-fire imagery is prophetic judgment language (cf. Isa 10:33-34; Jer 11:16). The TT adds the before "fire" in italics (anarthrous pyr*).
And the crowds were asking him, saying, "What then should we do?"
• τί οὖν ποιήσωμεν (ti oun poiēsōmen*) = "what then should we do?" The deliberative subjunctive recurs three times (vv.10, 12, 14), structuring John's ethical instruction by group. The question reappears at Pentecost (Acts 2:37) — a Lukan linking motif.
And answering he said to them, "Let the one having two tunics share with the one having none, and let the one having food do likewise."
And tax-collectors also came to be immersed, and they said to him, "Teacher, what should we do?"
• τελῶναι (telōnai*) = "tax/toll-collectors." Contractors who collected tolls for Rome, despised as collaborators and often extortionate. Their coming to John, and his accepting them, anticipates Luke's recurring concern with tax-collectors (5:27-32; 19:1-10).
And he said to them, "Collect nothing more than what has been appointed to you."
• μηδὲν πλέον παρὰ τὸ διατεταγμένον ὑμῖν πράσσετε (mēden pleon para to diatetagmenon hymin prassete) = "exact nothing more than what has been appointed to you." John does not demand they abandon the profession, only that they cease the extortion (prassō* = "exact/collect") built into it. The reform is ethical, within the role.
And soldiers also were asking him, saying, "And we, what should we do?" And he said to them, "Extort no one and accuse no one falsely, and be content with your wages."
• μηδένα διασείσητε μηδὲ συκοφαντήσητε (mēdena diaseisēte mēde sykophantēsēte) = "extort/intimidate no one and accuse no one falsely." Diaseiō (lit. "shake violently") = extort by intimidation; sykophanteō = bring false charges for gain (English "sycophant"). ὀψωνίοις (opsōniois) = "wages, soldier's pay/rations." Likely auxiliary troops in Herod's or the prefect's service. The TT adds no one* in italics for the second verb's object.
And while the people were in expectation and all were reasoning in their hearts about Yochanan (John), whether perhaps he might be the anointed one,
• μήποτε αὐτὸς εἴη ὁ χριστός (mēpote autos eiē ho christos) = "whether perhaps he might be the anointed one." χριστός (christos) = "anointed one" (per locked glossary, lowercase as title/descriptor; maps to HB mashiach). The optative eiē* conveys their tentative wondering. John's denial (v.16) redirects the expectation to the "stronger one." → For messianic expectation in the period and John's self-effacement, see Companion §A3.
John answered, saying to all, "I indeed immerse you in water; but the one stronger than I is coming, of whom I am not worthy to loosen the strap of his sandals; he will immerse you in the holy wind/spirit and fire.
• πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (pneumati hagiō) = "holy wind/spirit." Anarthrous; slash per locked glossary, avoiding the imported title "the Holy Spirit." The TT adds the* in italics.
His winnowing-fork is in his hand to clear out his threshing floor and to gather the wheat into his storehouse, but the chaff he will burn up with unquenchable fire."
• οὗ τὸ πτύον ἐν τῇ χειρὶ αὐτοῦ (hou to ptyon en tē cheiri autou) = "whose winnowing-fork is in his hand." Ptyon = the fork used to toss threshed grain so wind separates wheat from chaff — a judgment image (cf. Mal 3:19 LXX; Ps 1:4). πυρὶ ἀσβέστῳ (pyri asbestō) = "unquenchable fire" (asbestos = "not extinguished"). The TT adds is* in italics (no copula).
So with many other exhortations also he proclaimed good news to the people.
• πολλὰ μὲν οὖν καὶ ἕτερα παρακαλῶν εὐηγγελίζετο τὸν λαόν (polla men oun kai hetera parakalōn euēngelizeto ton laon) = "with many other exhortations also he proclaimed good news to the people." Luke summarizes John's preaching — including the stern warnings — as euangelizomai* ("announce good news"). The verb (cf. 1:19) frames repentance-preaching itself as good news.
But Herodes (Herod) the tetrarch, being reproved by him concerning Herodias the wife of his brother and concerning all the evils that Herod had done,
• ἐλεγχόμενος ὑπ' αὐτοῦ περὶ Ἡρῳδιάδος (elenchomenos hyp' autou peri Hērōdiados*) = "being reproved by him concerning Herodias." Herod Antipas had taken Herodias, his brother's wife. Luke places John's imprisonment here, before the baptism account, as a narrative wrap-up of the Baptist's role — the actual execution is told later (9:9 alludes back). The TT keeps the prolepsis as Luke arranges it.
added this also to them all: he shut up John in prison.
• κατέκλεισεν τὸν Ἰωάννην ἐν φυλακῇ (katekleisen ton Iōannēn en phylakē) = "he shut up John in prison." The verb katakleiō = "shut up, confine." Luke removes John from the scene before narrating the baptism, so that the spotlight falls on Yeshua. The TT adds them* in italics for the elliptical "to all" (his other evils).
And it happened, when all the people were immersed, that Yeshua (Jesus) also having been immersed and praying, the sky was opened,
and the holy wind/spirit descended in bodily form like a dove upon him, and a voice came from heaven: "You are my son, the beloved; in you I am well pleased."
• τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον σωματικῷ εἴδει ὡς περιστερὰν (to pneuma to hagion sōmatikō eidei hōs peristeran) = "the holy wind/spirit in bodily form like a dove." Only Luke adds σωματικῷ εἴδει ("in bodily form"), heightening the visibility of the descent. Pneuma* = wind/spirit (slash per locked glossary). The simile "like a dove" qualifies the manner of descent, not necessarily the form.
And Yeshua (Jesus) himself was beginning to be about thirty years old, being a son — as was supposed — of Yosef (Joseph), of Eli,
• ἀρχόμενος ὡσεὶ ἐτῶν τριάκοντα (archomenos hōsei etōn triakonta) = "beginning, being about thirty years old." Hōsei ("about") makes the age approximate. "Thirty" may echo the age of priestly/Levitical service (Num 4:3) and of David (2 Sam 5:4). The construction is awkward; the TT adds to be and old* in italics. The genealogy that follows ascends (son of… son of…) rather than descends.
of Mattat, of Levi, of Melchi, of Yannai, of Yosef,
of Mattityahu, of Amos, of Nachum, of Chesli, of Naggai,
of Mahat, of Mattityahu, of Shim'i, of Yosef, of Yodah,
of Yochanan, of Reisha, of Zerubbavel, of She'altiel, of Neri,
of Melchi, of Addi, of Qosam, of Elmadam, of Er,
of Yeshua, of Eli'ezer, of Yorim, of Mattat, of Levi,
of Shim'on, of Yehudah (Judah), of Yosef, of Yonam, of Elyaqim,
of Mal'ah, of Mena, of Mattata, of Natan, of David,
of Yishai, of Oved, of Bo'az, of Salah, of Nachshon,
of Amminadav, of Admin, of Arni, of Chetsron, of Perets, of Yehudah (Judah),
of Ya'aqov (Jacob), of Yitzchak (Isaac), of Avraham (Abraham), of Terach, of Nachor,
• Ἰσαάκ = Yitzchak (Hebrew: Yitzchak, "he laughs"). Familiar: Isaac.
• Terach and Nachor (Gen 11) have no distinct familiar English form; transliteration only.
of Serug, of Re'u, of Peleg, of Ever, of Shelach,
of Qenan, of Arpakhshad, of Shem, of Noach (Noah), of Lemekh,
of Metushelach, of Chanokh (Enoch), of Yered, of Mahalal'el, of Qenan,
of Enosh, of Shet, of Adam, of God.
Glossary
Supplementary — patterns across the chapter
CROSS-CHAPTER TRACKING (HB -> Luke)
| Element | Isaiah 40:3-5 (LXX) | Luke 3:4-6 |
|---|---|---|
| The voice | "A voice of one crying in the wilderness: prepare the way of YHWH" (40:3) | "A voice of one crying in the wilderness: prepare the way of the Lord" (3:4) |
| Levelling | "every valley filled, every mountain and hill made low" (40:4) | "every ravine filled… mountain and hill made low" (3:5) |
| Universal end | "all flesh will see the salvation of God" (40:5) | "all flesh will see the salvation of God" (3:6) |
Luke quotes Isaiah 40 further than Matthew or Mark, reaching v.5's "all flesh will see the salvation of God" — the universal horizon that the genealogy's ascent to Adam (3:38) and "of God" mirror.
Jer 1:1-2 / Hos 1:1 -> Luke 3:2 — the prophetic-call formula:
| Element | Jeremiah / Hosea (LXX) | Luke 3:2 |
|---|---|---|
| Dating | "in the days of… king of Judah" (Jer 1:2-3) | "in the fifteenth year of Tiberius…" (3:1) |
| Word-event | "the word of YHWH that came to Jeremiah" (Jer 1:2) | "the word of God came upon John" (3:2) |
| Recipient | the prophet, son of a priest (Jer 1:1) | John, son of the priest Zecharyah (3:2) |
John is cast in the mould of the called prophets — the word-event idiom and the priestly-son detail mark his commission; his preaching is human prophecy (not divine-marked, Rule 30).
Ps 2:7 / Isa 42:1 -> Luke 3:22 — the voice from heaven (Bat-Qol):
| Element | Psalm 2:7 / Isaiah 42:1 | Luke 3:22 |
|---|---|---|
| Sonship | "You are my son" (Ps 2:7) | "You are my son, the beloved" |
| Delight | "my chosen, in whom my soul delights" (Isa 42:1) | "in you I am well pleased" |
| Wind/spirit | "I have put my wind/spirit upon him" (Isa 42:1) | the wind/spirit descends upon him (3:22) |
The heavenly voice — God's direct speech, divine-marked — fuses the royal sonship of Ps 2 with the chosen servant of Isa 42. A Western variant (Codex Bezae) quotes Ps 2:7 in full ("today I have begotten you"); NA28 reads with Mark/Matthew.
Gen 5 / Gen 11 / Ruth 4 -> Luke 3:31-38 — the ascending genealogy:
| Element | Genesis / Ruth | Luke 3:31-38 |
|---|---|---|
| David's line | David → Solomon (1 Chr 3) | David → Natan (3:31), diverging from Matthew's Solomon |
| Patriarchs | Abraham → Isaac → Jacob (Gen 21-25) | reached at 3:34, then continued past Abraham |
| Shem's line | Shem → Arpakhshad → … Ever (Gen 11:10-26) | 3:35-36, including the LXX-only "Qenan" |
| First human | Adam, made in God's image (Gen 1:27; 5:1) | "of Adam, of God" (3:38) — the climax |
Where Matthew descends from Abraham (Israel's covenant root) through Solomon, Luke ascends past Abraham through Natan to Adam and to God — opening the lineage to all humanity. The post-Davidic divergence and the LXX-only Qenan are known cruxes, flagged for Hellenist review (Rule 13). The full table and cross-book see-stubs live in `luke/PEOPLE.md`.
END OF LUKE 3 — THE TRANSPARENT TRANSLATION (ENGLISH)
"A translation with nothing hidden."