The Transparent Translation · Acts

Acts 1

Provisional

Chapter Overview
What happens: Luke opens his second volume by addressing Theophilus and recalling the first book — all that Jesus "began to do and teach" until the day he was taken up, after giving instructions through the holy wind/spirit to the apostles he had chosen (vv.1-2). Over forty days the risen Jesus appears to them with many proofs, speaking of the kingdom of God (v.3). He tells them to stay in Jerusalem and wait for the Father's promise: John immersed in water, but they will be immersed in the holy wind/spirit (vv.4-5). They ask whether he will now restore the kingdom to Israel; he answers that the times are the Father's, but they will receive power and be his witnesses to the end of the earth (vv.6-8). He is lifted up and hidden by a cloud, and two men in white tell the gazing disciples that he will return as they saw him go (vv.9-11). They return to the upper room — the eleven named, with the women, Mary the mother of Jesus, and his brothers — devoted to prayer (vv.12-14). Peter rises among about a hundred and twenty and addresses Judas's defection and death, citing the Psalms; the apostolic office must be filled by a witness of the resurrection (vv.15-22). Two are proposed, Joseph Barsabbas and Matthias; after prayer, the lot falls to Matthias, and he is enrolled with the eleven (vv.23-26).

Key themes: The Luke–Acts link (the dedication, "the first account") binding the Gospel to the church's story; the forty days and the ascension as the hinge between Jesus's ministry and the Spirit's coming; the promised immersion in the holy wind/spirit fulfilling John the Immerser's word (Lk 3:16 par.); the geographic program of witness — Jerusalem, Judea, Samaria, the end of the earth — that structures the whole book; the restraint on apocalyptic timetables ("not yours to know times or seasons"); the reconstitution of the Twelve as a deliberate restoration of Israel's tribal number; Scripture-fulfillment as the interpretive key (the Psalms applied to Judas); the criteria of apostleship (companionship from John's immersion through the ascension, and witness to the resurrection); the casting of lots as the last pre-Pentecost mode of discernment.

Watch for: Verse 1's "began to do and teach" implies the Gospel was volume one and Acts continues the same action. The risen Jesus's speech (vv.4-5, 7-8) is marked as divine speech; the two men in white (vv.10-11) are messengers and are not. Kyrios shifts referent: "Lord" addressed to Jesus (v.6), "the Lord Jesus" (v.21), and "Lord, knower of hearts" in prayer (v.24). The Judas parenthesis (vv.18-19) differs from Matthew 27:3-10 — the TT renders Acts on its own terms and does not harmonize. Hakeldama (v.19) is Aramaic, and the text supplies its own gloss ("Field of Blood"). The Psalm citations (v.20) are from Ps 69:25 and Ps 109:8.

Connection: Acts 1 is built on Luke 24 (the same ascension) and the Hebrew Bible. The forty days echo Israel's wilderness forties and the prophets' commissioning intervals. The ascension in a cloud recalls the glory-cloud (Ex 40) and Daniel 7's "one like a son of man" coming with clouds; the two interpreting men recall Luke 24:4 at the tomb. The replacement of Judas by lot and the number twelve restore the tribal structure of Israel (cf. the lots of the land, Num 26; the choice of Saul by lot, 1 Sam 10). The Psalm imprecations (69, 109) are read as prophecy of the betrayer's end.

Glossary

1The first account I made about all things, O Theophilos (Theophilus), that Yeshua (Jesus) began both to do and to teach, 2until the day on which he was taken up, having given orders through the holy wind/spirit to the apostles whom he chose. 3To them also he presented himself living after his suffering by many proofs, appearing to them through forty days and speaking the things concerning the kingdom of God. 4And being assembled together with them, he ordered them not to depart from Yerushalayim (Jerusalem), but to await the promise of the Father "which you heard from me; 5because Yochanan (John) immersed in water, but you will be immersed in the holy wind/spirit after not many of these days."

6So they, having come together, were asking him, saying, "Lord, is it at this time that you are restoring the kingdom to Israel?" 7And he said to them, "It is not yours to know times or seasons which the Father set by his own authority; 8but you will receive power when the holy wind/spirit has come upon you, and you will be my witnesses both in Yerushalayim (Jerusalem) and in all Yehudah (Judea) and Shomron (Samaria) and unto the end of the earth."

9And having said these things, as they were watching, he was lifted up, and a cloud took him from under their eyes. 10And as they were gazing into the sky as he was going, behold, two men stood beside them in white garments, 11who also said, "Men, Galileans, why do you stand looking into the sky? This Yeshua (Jesus), the one taken up from you into the sky, will so come in the manner in which you saw him going into the sky."

12Then they returned to Yerushalayim (Jerusalem) from the mount called of Olives (Har haZeitim), which is near Jerusalem, a sabbath's journey away. 13And when they entered, they went up into the upper room where they were staying — both Kefa (Peter) and Yochanan (John) and Ya'aqov (James) and Andreas (Andrew), Philippos (Philip) and Thomas, Bartholomaios (Bartholomew) and Mattityahu (Matthew), Ya'aqov son of Halfai (James son of Alphaeus) and Shimon the Zealot and Yehudah son of Ya'aqov (Judas son of James). 14These all were persevering with one accord in prayer, together with the women and Miryam (Mary) the mother of Yeshua (Jesus) and with his brothers.

15And in those days Kefa (Peter), rising up in the midst of the brothers, said — the crowd of names was together about a hundred and twenty — 16"Men, brothers, it was necessary for the scripture to be fulfilled which the holy wind/spirit foretold through the mouth of David concerning Yehudah (Judas), who became a guide to those who arrested Yeshua (Jesus); 17because he was numbered among us and obtained the share of this service." 18(This one, then, acquired a field from the wages of unrighteousness, and falling headlong, he burst in the middle, and all his entrails poured out. 19And it became known to all those dwelling in Yerushalayim (Jerusalem), so that that field was called in their own language Hakeldama — that is, Field of Blood.) 20"For it is written in the book of Psalms: 'Let his homestead become desolate, and let there be no one dwelling in it,' and: 'Let another take his overseership.' 21It is necessary, therefore, that of the men who accompanied us during all the time in which the Lord Yeshua (Jesus) went in and out among us, 22beginning from the immersion of Yochanan (John) until the day on which he was taken up from us — that one of these become a witness of his resurrection together with us." 23And they put forward two, Yosef (Joseph) called Barsabbas, who was surnamed Justus, and Mattityahu (Matthias). 24And praying, they said, "You, Lord, knower of the hearts of all, show which one — these two — you chose 25to take the place of this service and apostleship, from which Yehudah (Judas) turned aside to go to his own place." 26And they gave lots for them, and the lot fell on Mattityahu (Matthias), and he was numbered with the eleven apostles.

Glossary

the first accountπρῶτος λόγος (prōtos logos)The Gospel of Luke; Acts is volume two of the same work.
TheophilosΘεόφιλος (Theophilos)"Friend/beloved of God" — the dedicatee (also Lk 1:3); patro
{a:wind/spirit}πνεῦμα (pneuma)Wind / spirit / breath — the locked GS slash (Rule 2); the p
taken upἀναλαμβάνω (analambanō)The ascension (vv.2, 11, 22); God as the implied agent.
kingdom of Godβασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ (basileia tou theou)The reign of God; the content of the risen Jesus's teaching
witnessesμάρτυρες (martyres)Legal/testimonial witnesses to the resurrection (vv.8, 22);
with one accordὁμοθυμαδόν (homothymadon)Of one mind — a keynote of the early community (v.14).
HakeldamaἉκελδαμάχ (Hakeldamach)Aramaic "Field of Blood" (v.19); glossed by the text itself.
overseershipἐπισκοπή (episkopē)Office/oversight; the vacant apostolic office (v.20, citing
lotκλῆρος (klēros)Share/portion/lot; the apostolic office (v.17) and the means
knower of heartsκαρδιογνώστης (kardiognōstēs)"Heart-knower," addressed to the Lord in prayer (v.24).